Soredia

Soredia are fragments of a lichen that include algal cells and fungal hyphae, they serve to disperse the lichen to new areas. It is lichen reproduction method.


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Pettenkofer Test

Objective This test is used to prove the presence of bile salt. Base Theory Bile salt will reacts with hydroxymethylenephurphural to forms red solution. Hydroxymethylenephurphural is formed of sugar that dehidrated by sulphuric acid. Procedure Dissolve few crystals of saccharose in 1 ml of diluted bile salt solution. Sublayer this solution with 1 ml of concentrated H 2 SO 4  (adding sulphuric acid pouring on the wall of the tube). Red ring is formed  between both layers.
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Biuret Test

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Objective The biuret test is a chemical test used for detecting the presence of peptide bonds. Base Theory In the presence of peptides, a copper(II) ion forms a violet-colored complex in an alkaline solution.Several variants on the test have been developed. The Biuret reaction can be used to assay the concentration of proteins because peptide bonds occur with the same frequency per amino acid in the peptide. The intensity of the color, and hence the absorption at 540 nm, is directly proportional to the protein concentration, according to the Beer-Lambert law. In spite of its name, the reagent does not in fact contain biuret ((H2N-CO-)2NH). The test is so named because it also gives a positive reaction to the peptide bonds in the biuret molecule. Procedure An aqueous sample is treated with an equal volume of 1% strong base (sodium or potassium hydroxide most often) followed by a few drops of aqueous copper(II) sulfate. If the solution turns purple, protein is present. 5–160 mg/mL
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Ingenhousz Experiment

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Objective To prove the photosynthesis result is O 2 Base theory Plants as the autotroph organism have ability to produce organic matter from anorganic matter. This ability because plants have organel called chloroplast. In the daylight, the sunshine reach the chloroplast and plants can transform H2O and CO2 into carbohydrate and O2. Carbohydrate will be saved as food reserves and to build cell wall. The reaction of photosynthesis: 6H 2 O + 6CO 2 ----> C 6 H 12 O 6  + 6O 2 Tools and materials test tube bekker glass (1000 ml) funnel water plants  matches Procedure of experiment Fill the bekker glass with 800 ml of water. Prepare the plant, put the plant in the funnel. Enter the funnel and the plant into bekker glass with inverted. Enter the tip of the funnel into the test tube. Look at the picture! Place the bekker glass in the outside (there is sunshine). Waiting for 15 minutes. Lift the test tube and closed its hole with your hand. Light a match an
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